The rise in autism diagnoses in the UK has led to extensive research into the underlying causes, with significant increases noted over recent decades. According to the National Autistic Society, an estimated 700,000 people in the UK are currently living with autism, a staggering increase of 787 per cent between 1998 and 2018, as highlighted in a 2021 study published in the Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry.

Despite advancements in awareness and diagnostic practices contributing to these statistics, experts believe that the actual figures could be even higher. In the United States, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention report that one in 36 children has autism, prompting further investigation into its causes.

Sir Simon Baron-Cohen, a leading authority on autism and professor of developmental psychopathology at the University of Cambridge, asserts that autism has prenatal origins and is influenced by genetic factors, though not exclusively. He describes autism as a neurological condition that affects communication, behaviour, and interaction, arising from both functional variations in the brain and structural differences.

Recent research suggests that individuals with autism typically present fewer synapses, which are critical in relaying messages within the brain. The spectrum of autism severity can vary widely; some individuals may be non-verbal, while others may demonstrate exceptional abilities or creativity. Many autistic individuals also face challenges with adapting to change and forming social connections and may experience co-occurring conditions such as anxiety, depression, and gastrointestinal issues.

Emerging theories regarding the causes of autism have focused on biologically based factors impacting development in the womb. One area of investigation is the role of androgens—male hormones—that may influence the likelihood of a child being diagnosed with autism. Baron-Cohen suggests that increased androgen levels during pregnancy, particularly if the mother has conditions like polycystic ovary syndrome, may contribute to this risk. He notes the disparity in diagnosis rates between boys and girls, which may be attributed to the inherent hormonal differences.

There is further supporting research linking severe morning sickness, known as hyperemesis gravidarum, to a higher autism risk. A 2019 study published in the American Journal of Perinatology revealed a 53 per cent increased likelihood of autism diagnoses among children whose mothers experienced this condition, likely due to nutrient deficiencies affecting brain development.

Studies have also highlighted the impact of advanced parental age on autism prevalence, with data indicating that the risk increases by 50 per cent when mothers or fathers are in their 40s or 50s. Genetic mutations or defects arising from older sperm and eggs could be a contributing factor. Additionally, viral infections during the first trimester and exposure to air pollution during pregnancy have been linked to heightened autism risk in children.

Research led by Dr Richard Frye at Rossignol Medical Centre in Arizona is exploring the connection between low folate levels and autism. His investigations focus on a drug called leucovorin, structurally similar to folate, which has shown promising results in alleviating some symptoms of autism in children. Mason Connor, a non-verbal child diagnosed with autism, reportedly began speaking shortly after commencing treatment with leucovorin, igniting media interest in its potential benefits.

While leucovorin has not received official approval for autism treatment in either the US or the UK, trials continue to investigate its efficacy. Experts caution against unverified treatments and stress the importance of established therapies, such as speech and occupational therapy, that effectively enhance the quality of life for autistic individuals.

At the forefront of diagnostic innovation, researchers at Nottingham Trent University are developing a one-minute video game known as the Computerised Assessment of Motor Imitation (CAMI), which aims to accurately identify autism by analysing children’s imitation skills. This tool has demonstrated an accuracy rate of 80 to 90 per cent in distinguishing autistic behaviours, offering promise for future diagnostic practices.

Further advancements could arise from identifying biomarkers to predict autism risk in infants, enabling earlier and more precise diagnoses. Baron-Cohen is actively involved in initiatives to establish the Cambridge Children’s Hospital, set to open in 2029, which aims to facilitate earlier diagnoses and interventions in childhood, ultimately improving long-term mental health outcomes for autistic individuals.

Source: Noah Wire Services